A solution that has a weak acid and a salt of a conjugate base, or a weak base and a salt of its conjugate acid, is a buffer. Phase equilibria relevant to the deep earth phase diagrams illustrate the stability of phases in pressure,temperature, chemical activity space. Weak base equilibria weak base equilibria ammonia is the simplest nitrogen from chem 212 at george mason university. In the second step, i circumvent this problem by taking advantage of the rich historical data on bank mergers and let the data reveal the post merger equilibrium. We can use a broader, more general definition for acids and bases that is based on the fact that acid base reactions involve proton transfers. A free and open source software to merge, split, rotate and extract pages from pdf files. A free, open source, platform independent software designed to split, merge, mix, extract pages and rotate pdf files. Voiceover weve already talked about how to write an equilibrium expression. Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. Acidbase equilibriasolubility and complex ion equilibria. And so heres our equilibrium expression and the ionization constant ka for a weak acid. Phase equilibria n number of components and degrees of freedom 6. If you are looking for a way to combine two or more pdfs into a single file, try pdfchef for free.
Acid base reactions viewed as a process involving sharing of electrons in a coordinate covalent bond. This simple webbased tool lets you merge pdf files in batches. Here an excess of base is added and the hydrochloric acid is the limiting reagent. A phase is defined as a homogenous part of a system which has uniform composition and properties throughout. A buffer maintains the ph of a solution even when acid or base is added up to a certain point called the buffer capacity. Fundamentally, aqueous acidbase equilibria are just a particular example of the. However, the presence of multiple equilibria limits the predictive power. Soda pdf is the solution for users looking to merge multiple files into a single pdf document. Many igneous and metamorphic systems contain up to 11 significant chemical components.
They refer to the independent chemical species that comprise the system. The region marked orthorhombic is a singlephase region. This lab demonstrated how a titration can be used to measure the concentration of an acid or base in solution, calculate the molar mass of an unknown acid or base, and determine the equilibrium constant of a weak acid ka or weak base kb. Recap computing mixed nash equilibria fun game computing mixed nash equilibria isci 330 lecture 7 january 31, 2007 computing mixed nash equilibria isci 330 lecture 7, slide 1. To summarize, if row is mixing on all of her strategies in a ne then each must yield the same expected.
The title of this problem states that it is a weak base problem. If the concentration of the weak base is low, then you must solve a complex equilibria problem that includes the dissociation of water. Precipitation and complexation equilibria chapter in context this is the final chapter in our study of chemical equilibria. Physical equilibria phase diagrams there are number of graphical means to help to understand the relationships between the different phases of a particular substance. Acid 1 to base 1 acid that gives up proton becomes a base base 2 to acid 1 base that accepts proton becomes an acid equilibrium lies more to left so h. Chapter 16 acid base equilibria and solubility equilibria student. When a game does not have any dominant or dominated strategies, or when the iterated deletion of dominated strategies does not yield a unique outcome, we find equilibria using the best reply method. The second one, unifac, is a group contribution method gcm but. A simple model of multiple equilibria and default daniel gros no.
Chem 340 lecture notes 9 fall 20 phase equilibria chap. The chemical potential and phase equilibria c 2009 by harvey gould and jan tobochnik 6 july 2009 we discuss the nature of the chemical potential by considering some simple models and simulations. Features in pdfsam basic, free and open source pdfsam. An equilibrium analysis of efficiency gains from mergers. Handout on mixed strategies welcome open yale courses. Use the sodium salt of the conjugate base if you chose a weak acid or the chloride salt of the conjugate acid if you chose the weak base. Access the pdf merger from any internetconnected desktop or mobile device.
To determine whether a species is a bronstedlowry or lewis acid, determine if there is an incomplete octet so more electrons can be accepted to form a coordinate covalent bond. Chapter 8, acidbase equilibria road map of acidbase equilibria on first encounter, the study of acidbase equilibria is a little like a strange land with seemingly confusing trails that make passage difficult. Ammonia nh 3 acts as a weak base in aqueous solution. Weak base equilibria weak base equilibria ammonia is the. We analyze both pure strategy and mixed strategy equilibria. Since this is the phase diagram for pure sulfur, there is only one component. So, it works for all operating systems including mac, windows, and linux. Merge is the most used pdfsam basic module and lets you combine pdf files together. In fact, there is a road map that, once understood, allows us to navigate acidbase equilibria with confident precision and so become masters of its domain. How will the conductivity change during the course i. Acid base balance in the body is maintained by two general mechanisms. Acidbase equilibria and calculations a chem1 reference text stephen k. Chapter 16 acidbase equilibria and solubility equilibria.
Lower simon fraser university contents 1 proton donoracceptor equilibria 4 1. What is the acid that reacts with this base when ammonia is dissolved in water. In acid base problems, it is seldom necessary to calculate q exactly. Understand how the equilibrium position of a proton transfer reaction relates the strengths of acids and bases involved. The ocean is a unique example of a system with multiple equilibria, or multiple states of solubility equilibria working simultaneously. Relating ka and kb to ph, and calculating percent dissociation.
Chapter 14 equilibrium notes page 1 of 6 chapter 14. Estimation of the impact of mergers in the banking industry. A table of ionization constants and k as is required to work some of the problems in this chapter. Subjects of interest include physicalphase and chemical equilibria. After studying acidbase equilibria in some depth, we now turn to equilibria involving sparingly soluble compounds and the equilibria of lewis acidbase complexes. Sometimes we have more than one type of equilibrium occurring at once for example, an acid base reaction and a precipitation reaction. Fluid phase equilibria publishes highquality papers dealing with experimental, theoretical, and applied research related to equilibrium and transport properties of fluids, solids, and interfaces. Quickly merge multiple pdf files or part of them into a single one. Alloy phase equilibria written by alan prince and published in 1966 by elsevier. Chem 32 how to solve equilibrium problems an approach based. This means that a full depiction of phase equilibria in these systems requires dimension. Acid base and solubility equilibria notes page 1 of 7 chapter 16. The molarity of the conjugate base and the molarity of the hydronium ion are known since the ph is given ph 2. A condensed system will be represented by the following modified phase rule equation.
Weak acid and base ionization reactions and the related equilibrium constants, ka and kb. In which one of the following solutions will acetic acid have the greatest percent ionization. Combine different pdf documents or other files types like images and merge them into one pdf. The shift in equilibrium caused by the addition of a substance having an ion in common with the equilibrium mixture. A bronstedlowry base is defined as a substance that can accept a proton. Often combine acid to base or base to acid to neutralize the other. The authors develop a procedure for analyzing the effect of a merger. Computing mixed nash equilibria ubc computer science. Now calculate the reaction quotient, q, to determine the direction in which the reaction will proceed to reach equilibrium. Write chemical equations to explain the results of the conductance experiments demonstrated. This is not the case when either the base or the acid is weak. In general, there could be any number of equilibria.
1510 1137 798 984 987 1469 718 1535 1093 1153 1456 398 1060 636 297 27 1210 721 394 930 725 1166 1084 1402 553 1154 334